Urdu poetry ( ) is a tradition of poetry and has many different forms. Today, it is an important part of the culture of India and Pakistan. According to Naseer Turabi, there are five major poets of Urdu: Mir Taqi Mir (d. 1810), Mirza Ghalib (d. 1869), Mir Anees (d. 1874), Muhammad Iqbal (d. 1938) and Josh Malihabadi (d. 1982). The language of Urdu reached its pinnacle under the British Raj, and it received official status. All famous writers of Urdu language including Ghalib and Iqbal were given British scholarships.
It is fundamentally performative poetry and its recital, sometimes impromptu, is held in (poetic expositions). Although its tarannum saaz (singing aspect) has undergone major changes in recent decades, its popularity among the masses remains unaltered. are today held in metropolitan areas worldwide because of the cultural influence of the South Asian diaspora. Urdu Ghazal singing and Qawwali are also important expository forms of Urdu poetry.
Forms
The principal forms of Urdu poetry are:
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Urdu Ghazal (غزل): a set of two liner couplets, which strictly should end with the same rhyme and should be within one of the predefined meters of ghazals. There has to be a minimum of five couplets to form a ghazal. Couplets may or may not have the same thought. It is one of the most difficult forms of poetry as there are many strict parameters that one needs to abide by while writing ghazal. It is important to think about the topic as well as the theme of a ghazal before starting to write it. The first line of a ghazal must include a refrain, which is a word or a phrase that can be easily fitted into the other couplets. Each couplet of a ghazal is known as Sher (شعر ). The first Sher is called Matla. The last Sher is called Maqta, but only if the poet uses his "Takhallus".
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Hamd (حمّد): a poem in praise of God. The word "hamd" is derived from the Qur'an, its English language translation is "Praise".
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Manqabat (منقبت): a Sufi devotional poem, in praise of Ali ibn Abi Talib, the son-in-law of Muhammad, or of any Sufi saint.
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Marsiya (مرثیہ): an elegy typically composed about the death of Hasan, Husayn, their relatives, and their companions. Each stanza has six lines, with the rhyme scheme AAAABB.
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Masnavi (مثنوی): a poem written in in Bacchius tetrameter with an iambus for last foot. The topic is often romance.
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Na`at (نعت): poetry that specifically praises the Mohammed.
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Nazm (نظم): the basic type of Urdu poetry. It can be written on any topic, and so a wide host of Nazm exist. From Nazeer Akbarabadi, Muhammad Iqbal, Josh, Firaq, Akhtarul Iman to down the line Noon Meem Rashid, Faiz, Ali Sardar Jafri and Kaifi Azmi, Urdu poets have covered common life, philosophical thinking, national issues and the precarious predicament of an individual human being. As a distinct form of Nazm many Urdu poets influenced by English and other European poets took to writing sonnets in the Urdu language.
[ Encyclopedic dictionary of Urdu literature p. 565] Azmatullah Khan (1887–1923) is believed to have introduced this format to Urdu Literature.[ The Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature (Volume Five) p. 4146] The other renowned Urdu poets who wrote sonnets were Akhtar Junagarhi, Akhtar Sheerani, Noon Meem Rashid, Zia Fatehabadi, Salaam Machhalishahari and Wazir Agha.
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Qasida (قصیدہ): usually an ode to a benefactor, a satire, or an account of an event. It uses the same rhyme system as the ghazal, but is usually longer.
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Ruba'i (رُباعی): a poetry style, the Arabic language term for "quatrain". The plural form of the word, rubāʿiyāt, often anglicised rubaiyat, is used to describe a collection of such quatrains.
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Tazkira (تذکرہ): a biographical anthology of poetry.
Collection forms
The principal collection forms of Urdu poetry are:
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Diwan: a collection of ghazals.
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Kulliyat: a complete collection of poems by one author.
Formation
Urdu poetry forms itself with following basic ingredients:
Genres
The major genres of poetry found in Urdu are:
Pen names
In the Urdu poetic tradition, most poets use a
pen name called the
Takhallus (تخلص). This can be either a part of a poet's given name or something else adopted as an identity. The traditional convention in identifying Urdu poets is to mention the takhallus at the end of the name.
The word
takhallus[ A Brief History of Persian Literature, by the Iran Chamber Society.] is derived from Arabic, meaning "ending". This is because in the Ghazal form, the poet would usually incorporate his or her pen name into the final couplet () of each poem.
Scripts used in poetry
In
Pakistan and Deccan region of
India, Urdu poetry is written in the standard
Nastaliq script of the Perso-Arabic script. However, in north India, where Urdu poetry is very popular, the
Perso-Arabic is often found transliterated into the
Devanagari, as an aid for those Hindī-speakers, who can comprehend Urdu, but cannot read the Perso-Arabic script. With the dawn of the internet and globalization, this poetry is often found written in
Roman Urdu as well as in
Hindi script.
Example of Urdu ghazal
The following is a verse from an Urdu
ghazal by Syed Khwaja Mir Dard:
Urdu:
Roman Urdu:
- Dōstō, dēkhā tamāśhā yaāhan kā bas.
- Tum raho; ab hum tō apne ghar chalē
English language:
- Friends, I've seen the spectacle of this place enough
- You stay here; I'm heading home.
Note Dard's use of the Royal we in this couplet, a technique characteristic of formal Urdu poetry.
See also
